Best practices for API packages

So you want to write an R client for a web API? This document walks through the key issues involved in writing API wrappers in R. If you’re new to working with web APIs, you may want to start by reading “An introduction to APIs” by zapier.

Overall design

APIs vary widely. Before starting to code, it is important to understand how the API you are working with handles important issues so that you can implement a complete and coherent R client for the API.

The key features of any API are the structure of the requests and the structure of the responses. An HTTP request consists of the following parts:

HTTP verb (GET, POST, DELETE, etc.)
The base URL for the API
The URL path or endpoint
URL query arguments (e.g., ?foo=bar)
Optional headers
An optional request body

An API package needs to be able to generate these components in order to perform the desired API call, which will typically involve some sort of authentication.

For example, to request that the GitHub API provides a list of all issues for the httr repo, we send an HTTP request that looks like:

-> GET /repos/hadley/httr HTTP/1.1
-> Host: api.github.com
-> Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json

Here we’re using a GET request to the host api.github.com. The url is /repos/hadley/httr, and we send an accept header that tells GitHub what sort of data we want.

In response to this request, the API will return an HTTP response that includes:

An HTTP status code.
Headers, key-value pairs.
A body typically consisting of XML, JSON, plain text, HTML, or some kind of binary representation.

An API client needs to parse these responses, turning API errors into R errors, and return a useful object to the end user. For the previous HTTP request, GitHub returns:

<- HTTP/1.1 200 OK
<- Server: GitHub.com
<- Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
<- X-RateLimit-Limit: 5000
<- X-RateLimit-Remaining: 4998
<- X-RateLimit-Reset: 1459554901
<- 
<- {
<-   "id": 2756403,
<-   "name": "httr",
<-   "full_name": "hadley/httr",
<-   "owner": {
<-     "login": "hadley",
<-     "id": 4196,
<-     "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4196?v=3",
<-     ...
<-   },
<-   "private": false,
<-   "html_url": "https://github.com/hadley/httr",
<-   "description": "httr: a friendly http package for R",
<-   "fork": false,
<-   "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/hadley/httr",
<-   ...
<-   "network_count": 1368,
<-   "subscribers_count": 64
<- }

Designing a good API client requires identifying how each of these API features is used to compose a request and what type of response is expected for each. It’s best practice to insulate the end user from how the API works so they only need to understand how to use an R function, not the details of how APIs work. It’s your job to suffer so that others don’t have to!

First steps

Send a simple request

First, find a simple API endpoint that doesn’t require authentication: this lets you get the basics working before tackling the complexities of authentication. For this example, we’ll use the list of httr issues which requires sending a GET request to repos/hadley/httr:

library(httr)
github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  GET(url)
}

resp <- github_api("/repos/hadley/httr")
resp
#> Response [https://api.github.com/repositories/2756403]
#>   Date: 2022-05-03 20:41
#>   Status: 200
#>   Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
#>   Size: 6.21 kB
#> {
#>   "id": 2756403,
#>   "node_id": "MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyNzU2NDAz",
#>   "name": "httr",
#>   "full_name": "r-lib/httr",
#>   "private": false,
#>   "owner": {
#>     "login": "r-lib",
#>     "id": 22618716,
#>     "node_id": "MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjIyNjE4NzE2",
#> ...

Parse the response

Next, you need to take the response returned by the API and turn it into a useful object. Any API will return an HTTP response that consists of headers and a body. While the response can come in multiple forms (see above), two of the most common structured formats are XML and JSON.

Note that while most APIs will return only one or the other, some, like the colour lovers API, allow you to choose which one with a url parameter:

GET("http://www.colourlovers.com/api/color/6B4106?format=xml")
#> Response [http://www.colourlovers.com/api/color/6B4106?format=xml]
#>   Date: 2022-05-03 20:41
#>   Status: 403
#>   Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
#>   Size: 12 kB
#> <!DOCTYPE html>
#> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js ie6 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if IE 7]>    <html class="no-js ie7 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if IE 8]>    <html class="no-js ie8 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <!--<![endif]-->
#> <head>
#> 
#> <title>Please Wait... | Cloudflare</title>
#>   
#> <meta charset="UTF-8" />
#> ...
GET("http://www.colourlovers.com/api/color/6B4106?format=json")
#> Response [http://www.colourlovers.com/api/color/6B4106?format=json]
#>   Date: 2022-05-03 20:41
#>   Status: 403
#>   Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
#>   Size: 12 kB
#> <!DOCTYPE html>
#> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js ie6 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if IE 7]>    <html class="no-js ie7 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if IE 8]>    <html class="no-js ie8 oldie" lang="en-US"> <![endif]-->
#> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <!--<![endif]-->
#> <head>
#> 
#> <title>Please Wait... | Cloudflare</title>
#>   
#> <meta charset="UTF-8" />
#> ...

Others use content negotiation to determine what sort of data to send back. If the API you’re wrapping does this, then you’ll need to include one of accept_json() and accept_xml() in your request.

If you have a choice, choose json: it’s usually much easier to work with than xml.

Most APIs will return most or all useful information in the response body, which can be accessed using content(). To determine what type of information is returned, you can use http_type()

http_type(resp)
#> [1] "application/json"

I recommend checking that the type is as you expect in your helper function. This will ensure that you get a clear error message if the API changes:

github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  
  resp <- GET(url)
  if (http_type(resp) != "application/json") {
    stop("API did not return json", call. = FALSE)
  }
  
  resp
}

NB: some poorly written APIs will say the content is type A, but it will actually be type B. In this case you should complain to the API authors, and until they fix the problem, simply drop the check for content type.

Next we need to parse the output into an R object. httr provides some default parsers with content(..., as = "auto") but I don’t recommend using them inside a package. Instead it’s better to explicitly parse it yourself:

To parse json, use jsonlite package.
To parse xml, use the xml2 package.

github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  
  resp <- GET(url)
  if (http_type(resp) != "application/json") {
    stop("API did not return json", call. = FALSE)
  }
  
  jsonlite::fromJSON(content(resp, "text"), simplifyVector = FALSE)
}

Return a helpful object

Rather than simply returning the response as a list, I think it’s a good practice to make a simple S3 object. That way you can return the response and parsed object, and provide a nice print method. This will make debugging later on much much much more pleasant.

github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  
  resp <- GET(url)
  if (http_type(resp) != "application/json") {
    stop("API did not return json", call. = FALSE)
  }
  
  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(content(resp, "text"), simplifyVector = FALSE)
  
  structure(
    list(
      content = parsed,
      path = path,
      response = resp
    ),
    class = "github_api"
  )
}

print.github_api <- function(x, ...) {
  cat("<GitHub ", x$path, ">\n", sep = "")
  str(x$content)
  invisible(x)
}

github_api("/users/hadley")
#> <GitHub /users/hadley>
#> List of 32
#>  $ login              : chr "hadley"
#>  $ id                 : int 4196
#>  $ node_id            : chr "MDQ6VXNlcjQxOTY="
#>  $ avatar_url         : chr "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4196?v=4"
#>  $ gravatar_id        : chr ""
#>  $ url                : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley"
#>  $ html_url           : chr "https://github.com/hadley"
#>  $ followers_url      : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/followers"
#>  $ following_url      : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/following{/other_user}"
#>  $ gists_url          : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/gists{/gist_id}"
#>  $ starred_url        : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/starred{/owner}{/repo}"
#>  $ subscriptions_url  : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/subscriptions"
#>  $ organizations_url  : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/orgs"
#>  $ repos_url          : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/repos"
#>  $ events_url         : chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/events{/privacy}"
#>  $ received_events_url: chr "https://api.github.com/users/hadley/received_events"
#>  $ type               : chr "User"
#>  $ site_admin         : logi FALSE
#>  $ name               : chr "Hadley Wickham"
#>  $ company            : chr "@rstudio "
#>  $ blog               : chr "http://hadley.nz"
#>  $ location           : chr "Houston, TX"
#>  $ email              : NULL
#>  $ hireable           : NULL
#>  $ bio                : chr "Chief Scientist at @rstudio"
#>  $ twitter_username   : chr "hadleywickham"
#>  $ public_repos       : int 175
#>  $ public_gists       : int 178
#>  $ followers          : int 22416
#>  $ following          : int 0
#>  $ created_at         : chr "2008-04-01T14:47:36Z"
#>  $ updated_at         : chr "2022-04-09T12:45:00Z"

The API might return invalid data, but this should be rare, so you can just rely on the parser to provide a useful error message.

Turn API errors into R errors

Next, you need to make sure that your API wrapper throws an error if the request failed. Using a web API introduces additional possible points of failure into R code aside from those occurring in R itself. These include:

Client-side exceptions
Network / communication exceptions
Server-side exceptions

You need to make sure these are all converted into regular R errors. You can figure out if there’s a problem with http_error(), which checks the HTTP status code. Status codes in the 400 range usually mean that you’ve done something wrong. Status codes in the 500 range typically mean that something has gone wrong on the server side.

Often the API will provide information about the error in the body of the response: you should use this where available. If the API returns special errors for common problems, you might want to provide more detail in the error. For example, if you run out of requests and are rate limited you might want to tell the user how long to wait until they can make the next request (or even automatically wait that long!).

github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  
  resp <- GET(url)
  if (http_type(resp) != "application/json") {
    stop("API did not return json", call. = FALSE)
  }
  
  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(content(resp, "text"), simplifyVector = FALSE)
  
  if (http_error(resp)) {
    stop(
      sprintf(
        "GitHub API request failed [%s]\n%s\n<%s>", 
        status_code(resp),
        parsed$message,
        parsed$documentation_url
      ),
      call. = FALSE
    )
  }
  
  structure(
    list(
      content = parsed,
      path = path,
      response = resp
    ),
    class = "github_api"
  )
}
github_api("/user/hadley")
#> Error: GitHub API request failed [404]
#> Not Found
#> <https://docs.github.com/rest/reference/users#get-a-user>

Some poorly written APIs will return different types of response based on whether or not the request succeeded or failed. If your API does this you’ll need to make your request function check the status_code() before parsing the response.

For many APIs, the common approach is to retry API calls that return something in the 500 range. However, when doing this, it’s extremely important to make sure to do this with some form of exponential backoff: if something’s wrong on the server-side, hammering the server with retries may make things worse, and may lead to you exhausting quota (or hitting other sorts of rate limits). A common policy is to retry up to 5 times, starting at 1s, and each time doubling and adding a small amount of jitter (plus or minus up to, say, 5% of the current wait time).

Set a user agent

While we’re in this function, there’s one important header that you should set for every API wrapper: the user agent. The user agent is a string used to identify the client. This is most useful for the API owner as it allows them to see who is using the API. It’s also useful for you if you have a contact on the inside as it often makes it easier for them to pull your requests from their logs and see what’s going wrong. If you’re hitting a commercial API, this also makes it easier for internal R advocates to see how many people are using their API via R and hopefully assign more resources.

A good default for an R API package wrapper is to make it the URL to your GitHub repo:

ua <- user_agent("http://github.com/hadley/httr")
ua
#> <request>
#> Options:
#> * useragent: http://github.com/hadley/httr

github_api <- function(path) {
  url <- modify_url("https://api.github.com", path = path)
  
  resp <- GET(url, ua)
  if (http_type(resp) != "application/json") {
    stop("API did not return json", call. = FALSE)
  }
  
  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(content(resp, "text"), simplifyVector = FALSE)
  
  if (status_code(resp) != 200) {
    stop(
      sprintf(
        "GitHub API request failed [%s]\n%s\n<%s>", 
        status_code(resp),
        parsed$message,
        parsed$documentation_url
      ),
      call. = FALSE
    )
  }
  
  structure(
    list(
      content = parsed,
      path = path,
      response = resp
    ),
    class = "github_api"
  )
}

Passing parameters

Most APIs work by executing an HTTP method on a specified URL with some additional parameters. These parameters can be specified in a number of ways, including in the URL path, in URL query arguments, in HTTP headers, and in the request body itself. These parameters can be controlled using httr functions:

URL path: modify_url()
Query arguments: The query argument to GET(), POST(), etc.
HTTP headers: add_headers()
Request body: The body argument to GET(), POST(), etc.

RESTful APIs also use the HTTP verb to communicate arguments (e.g., GET retrieves a file, POST adds a file, DELETE removes a file, etc.). We can use the helpful httpbin service to show how to send arguments in each of these ways.

# modify_url
POST(modify_url("https://httpbin.org", path = "/post"))

# query arguments
POST("http://httpbin.org/post", query = list(foo = "bar"))

# headers
POST("http://httpbin.org/post", add_headers(foo = "bar"))

# body
## as form
POST("http://httpbin.org/post", body = list(foo = "bar"), encode = "form")
## as json
POST("http://httpbin.org/post", body = list(foo = "bar"), encode = "json")

Many APIs will use just one of these forms of argument passing, but others will use multiple of them in combination. Best practice is to insulate the user from how and where the various arguments are used by the API and instead simply expose relevant arguments via R function arguments, some of which might be used in the URL, in the headers, in the body, etc.

If a parameter has a small fixed set of possible values that are allowed by the API, you can use list them in the default arguments and then use match.arg() to ensure that the caller only supplies one of those values. (This also allows the user to supply the short unique prefixes.)

f <- function(x = c("apple", "banana", "orange")) {
  match.arg(x)
}
f("a")
#> [1] "apple"

It is good practice to explicitly set default values for arguments that are not required to NULL. If there is a default value, it should be the first one listed in the vector of allowed arguments.